Re: Hello T.O. |
biology dept., duke |
mel turner (mturner@snipthis.acpub.duke.edu) |
2003/12/16 05:21 |
In article <brkkbn$6uj$1@nemesis.news.tpi.pl>, noway@jose.com wrote...
>wiadomoci news:brk149$n9e$5@gargoyle.oit.duke.edu...
[snip]
>> If this is to become a discussion of specially-created "kinds" and
>> their limits, I'd ask: how can the "kinds" and their boundaries be
>> recognized, just by studying the organisms? How can we all tell if
>> two organisms are in the same or in different kinds? Creationists
>> generally seem unable or unwilling to give clear objective criteria
>> for "kind" recognition. The few who do try often seem wildly
>> inconsistent.
>I think it is very hard to know what a kind is, sometimes.
>
>Here's my understanding of it, which you are welcome to challenge:
>
>It says that they were made after their kind, and that they reproduce after
>their kind.
Right, but that's really not very specific or detailed. For one thing,
it really doesn't spell out _how_ the organisms were made to be "after
their kind". Maybe the creator made them that way by using natural
processes of evolution and common descent from early ancestors shared
with the other kinds? The statement that things reproduce "after their
kind" might simply be seen as just expressing the basic ideas of
reproduction and heredity, and not necessarily implying any claim
that kinds can't give rise to new, different kinds, or a claim that
the kinds can't have shared common ancestors..
>Now on the surface, that would suggest that a kind could have a definition
>of animals and plants which are capable of interbreeding, and producing
>fertile offspring in the F1 generation.
I don't necessarily see any implications there about interbreeding
or fertility, just a general statement that parent organisms produce
offspring basically similar to themselves. Even "evolutionists" who
think that all life will have shared early common ancestors would
agree with that.
Any attempt to use "interfertile, and produces fertile F1 offspring"
as the main criterion for "kind" recognition will run into many
serious problems throughout the real biological world.
You'll find examples illustrating every degree in between
"interfertile, with fully viable, fully fertile offspring" and "not
at all interfertile". You'll find "ring species" cases where form A
can cross with B, and B with C, but A can't cross with C. You'll
find cases where only the female or only the male F1 hybrids are
fertile. There are cases where all the F1 hybrids are nearly, but
not quite, completely sterile, but subsequent backcrosses and
inbreeding eventually restores hybrid fertility. There are plenty
of cases where very different looking species never form hybrids in
the wild, but do form fully fertile hybrids in captivity
[intergeneric hybrids in orchids, colubrid snakes, etc.]. Conversely,
there are many cases of very low or nonexistent fertility among some
closely-similar species that creationists will likely consider one
"kind" [such as say, horses, donkeys and zebras (genus Equus)].
There's the difficulty of actually applying the criterion. Nobody
can use it for any extinct species. Even for living species, there
are little or no experimental data for most "possibly the same kind"
species pairs. Nobody even really knows for sure if humans and any
of the nonhuman great apes could produce any viable hybrid offspring,
and nobody can even be sure whether any such F1 offspring [if they
did form and did survive] would be fertile or not.
Nowhere does it say that full interfertility can't be lost among
the different groups of descendants of formerly interfertile
ancestors. Biologists know full well that interfertility can be
lost and often is lost [i.e., "speciation" occurs].
Further, I really don't see why even demonstrated interfertility
would necessarily require creationists to classify two species as
being in the same kind. Surely any omnipotent creator could have
made different separately-created kinds that were fully interfertile
with one another if it pleased it to do so. If so, then even full
interfertility wouldn't necessarily prove "same-kind-hood". [I
suspect creationists might take this tack if some unscrupulous
experimenter ever did come up with viable, fertile human/chimp
hybrids].
>However, we know that over time either man-driven selection or natural
>selection makes distinctions within the kind, so that they are no longer
>physically able to reproduce, such as populations of Anableps with left
>handed gonopodiums and right handed gonopodiums with their respective
>females cannot interbreed physically any more, and I understand there is
>also a fruit fly, and probably a bunch of other examples in Insecta and
>Mollusca which bear this out.
And there are plenty of other plant and animal examples of "observed
speciations". Thus, the inability to breed can't alone be a sufficient
single criterion for identifying separately-created kinds.
They were in my view one kind, but they have
>become unable to interbreed. In this case some say we have speciation,
>others wouldn't call this speciation.
Again, in nature we do see every gray zone between "clearly different
local forms of one species" and "clearly two related but separate
species". Just as we'd expect to see if speciation is a gradual,
ongoing process.
>Scientists also have more than one
>view so we're not the only ones to have more than one view. If you could
>imagine a male chihuahua and a female great dane - they're both dogs, Canis
>domesticus, but you couldn't really interbreed them without artificial
>insemination. This way round the poor chap can't reach, and the other way
>round and the female chihiahua would get a doggy hernia from the experience
>or something like that.
But they can still exchange genes by matings of both with the various
intermediate-sized dogs. Still, if an experimental island was set up
and populated by wild packs of just chihuahuas [eating mice and
insects?] and great danes [eating deer?], we'd most likely see them
behaving as two fully separate species.
At any rate, the diversity of domesticated dogs is pretty dramatic
morphological "macro" evolution, especially when we compare them with
the wild gray wolves that the first human dog breeders had to start
with. [Would a timber wolf recognize the horny chihuahua as something
to breed with, or just a light snack?]
>Similar things are happening at DNA code level to reflect the morphological
>specification, and maybe I could envisage things happening in the code
>without a morphological reflection. That seemed to be one of the things John
>Harshman was saying to me in our conversation yesterday. So then we would
>have total speciation. Are these kinds? Not when that happens, they cannot
>be kinds. They are simply degenerations of the original kind that have
>become mutually exclusive, in my view, because that would go beyond the
>definition of kinds that the kinds were established at creation.
This clearly shows that interbreeding vs. unable-to-interbreed can't
be the sole criterion for "kind" recognition. So, what else is needed?
>Nevertheless, within the six, seven, eight, nine thousand years of physical
>history, as opposed to the notional history of the mature creation, quite a
>few cases of this speciation could occur within one kind. Then you get a
>galapagos finch scenario, or maybe a Corydoras scenario.
>
>Corydoras has about 150 species and subspecies, and the genus has all manner
>of interesting biological oddities, such as mimicry, symbiosis, etc,
>appearing among its ranks.
Many creationists will claim that functional, adaptive features like
mimicry, symbiosis, etc. can't possibly have evolved naturally [part
of the whole "microevolution is just the loss of information"
business], so we may infer that differences in any such "can't evolve"
features could be another way to recognize "separate kinds". But then,
the ones without the special features might have lost that information.
Would the original "Corydoras kind" have had all of the special
features now found throughout the genus?
>It is one of the most common genera of fish over the whole of Amazonia and
>covers also the bulk of south America. Its armoured plates make it the ideal
>subject for fossilisation. How many fossilised species are there?
>
>One.
>http://www.scotcat.com/articles/article49.htm
You mean, how many _known_ fossil species have been found and named
_so far_?
Actually, that web page doesn't say that only this one fossil
Corydoras species is known. I question that it really is the only one,
but I'll accept that that's the case for now for the sake of argument.
>Corydoras revelatus. It is the only Cory fossil in existence, and yet it is
>an almost perfect fossil. Why are there no more?
Maybe there are many more, but they've not been found as yet. [Or,
maybe there are more known Corydoras fossils, but you and I haven't
heard about them.] How many suitable strata are exposed and have been
thoroughly studied by catfish paleontologists? Or, maybe there are
some very good reasons why Corydoras catfish rarely form fossils [this
last seems unlikely, since they're so well provided with bony armor].
I note that it sounds like this fossil species may be known from just
this one specimen. Presumably, you don't think this means that it's
the only individual of that species that ever lived. Where are all
the fossils of all the others that must have lived and died?
For that matter, the same fallacy [the false expectation that the
currently-known fossil record should be very complete] also cuts
against any creationist viewpoint that all Corydoras are one "kind":
where are all the fossil intermediates documenting in detail the
"micro" evolution of the modern diversity of Corydoras from their
single original ancestral type?
The explanation thus must be the same for the creationist view as
for the evolutionary view: the intermediate forms existed, but
either they weren't preserved as fossils, or the fossils haven't
yet been found and studied.
>(Incidentally, I was standing next to Steve Pritchard and David Sands when
>Steve took this picture, being, as I was, a fanatical ichthyologist at the
>age of 14. It was on a course that the University of London did for people
>who wanted to learn Ichthyology in conjunction with the Natural History
>Museum. When the University of London discovered I was too young to be on
>the course, they tried to chuck me off it. They thought they would get into
>trouble letting a school kid come up to London every Thursday to be on one
>of their courses. But the Museum weren't hearing any of it, and said if I
>wanted to take part, they, the University had to let me. How about that? )
Good for them and good for you. It's great that you have an interest
in ichthyology; but it's pretty rare for creationists to be
knowledgeable in any area of systematic biology.
>Probably at the time of the flood there was only Corydoras revelatus.
Really? How long ago was that? Tens of millions of years or a
few thousand?
The
>whole of the 155 separately defined species are probably one single kind.
So you think the whole genus Corydoras is the "kind" here. But how
do we tell if this is the case? How can we know that the family
Callichthyidae isn't the relevant "kind" instead, or some larger
group of families of catfishes [such as their superfamily
Loricarioidea], or the whole catfish group Siluriformes? How do we
know that some much smaller groups within Corydoras, perhaps the
individual species, aren't the separately-created kinds?
http://personal.www.umich.edu/~rreis/tree/corydoras.htm
http://personal.www.umich.edu/~rreis/tree/callichthyidae.htm
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Siluriformes&contgroup=Ostariophysi
http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Ostariophysi&contgroup=Teleostei
For that matter, why are there any clearly recognizable above-"kind"
groups at all? If Corydoras was separately created, why does it seem
so clearly related to other Callichthyidae and to other Siluriformes?
What do the groups " Callichthyidae" and "Siluriformes" or
"Ostariophysi" or "Teleostei" even mean, if their members aren't
actually related to one another by descent? Why are there apparently
no clear breaks in the nested hierarchy of groups within groups,
within groups, within groups, that would correspond to the "kinds"
level? If separately-created kinds really existed, one might expect
that their boundaries would be qualitatively different [different in
"kind" as it were] from those of any below-kind groups [ones due to
common descent] and the above-kind groups [due to what? Accidental or
imaginary resemblances?]
Do
>they interbreed? No they don't, not most of them. They're tricky enough to
>breed within the species, most of them. I've never done it, although I have
>bred other armoured catfishes, like Hoplosternum (now Megalichthys) and
>Ancistrus, which I've got going at the moment.
>
>So, for me, the best definition of a kind, true to both what I have been
>priviledged to observe of nature as well as in the Word of God, would be
>"the whole population of descendents of a group of animals or plants which,
>at the time of their creation, were able to breed and have offspring that
>were fertile."
Right, that's the definition. My question remains, how can we
recognize the separately-created kinds and their boundaries? How can
we even tell that different separately-created kinds exist at all?
Biologists might argue that there seems to be just one kind according
to your definition of "kind": "all life on earth"
>I do not regard the fact that you can clone and at the same time splice
>genetic material from completely different animals into genes as being in
>any way relevant to what constitutes a kind, I might also add.
No, but the fact that essentially all known life happens to use a
common genetic code [which enables us to do that splicing you mention]
is part of the evidence that all life shares a common origin. If
seemingly related organisms had had completely different codes [there's
no reason why they shouldn't, if they were created separately], it
would have been very hard to explain evolutionarily.
>Now you can shoot all of that down in flames. I know there's as much
>philosophy there as what you might call science, but that's just the sort of
>guy I am.
cheers
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